October 17, 2008
Trading Naked Calls & Puts
An option is a derivative trading product that is best used by investors as a hedging tool providing profit protection and profit enhancement. Although it is a powerful risk management tool, it can also be used effectively as a stand-alone trading vehicle.
Under the proper conditions, options do not have to be paired with stock or another option to be an effective trading tool. To successfully trade naked options, an investor must realize that certain options will fit certain scenarios and certain options will not.
One of the major misconceptions that investors have about options stems from the fact that most do not know how to trade them properly. When they lose money trading them, they feel that there is something wrong with the option. They do not understand that options are on a higher, more sophisticated level when compared to stocks.
Stock trading has fewer variables involved and is therefore easier. No one is saying that the individual investor isnt smart enough to trade options. The problem is not intelligence; its just education and experience. Most investors have not been properly educated in the proper use of options, and even fewer have had any real experience trading them.
One of the biggest problems investors have is this: Even if you buy a call and the stock goes up, you can still lose money. Most investors tend to buy out of the money options at a cheap price. The stock trades up a little, which is the right direction, but the option still loses money and the investor wonders why.
What the investor fails to realize is that in order for the option to be profitable the options delta must out-pace its rate of decay. Implied volatility also plays a key role if the stock does trade up while implied volatility decreases, the options delta must then outperform the decrease in volatility. Remember, when volatility increases, the price of all options goes up. When volatility decreases, the price of all options goes down.
We have categorized options in several ways. One way is by the options strike price, and its distance from the stock price. We identified these options as either in-the-money, at-the-money, or out-of-the-money.
In our discussion about trading naked calls and puts, we will identify trading opportunities or situations that fit each of these types of options, for both calls and puts. But it is important to first review the definition of Delta before continuing.
Remember, delta tells you how much the option will move with a similar move in the stock and is given as a percentage. For example, a 33 delta option means that the option will move 33% of the movement of the stock and 70 delta option will move 70%. In-the-money options act like stock. The deeper in the money the calls are, the more they act like the stock. As the call moves deeper and deeper in the money, the calls delta approaches 100 which means its price movement will reflect 100% of the stocks movement.
In fact, deep-in-the-money options are sometimes even used to replace stock positions. If you look at the charts below, you can see how closely the in-the-money call mimics the upward movement of the stock (2nd quadrant).
In the money options are best used for smaller stock movements. The reason is that in-the-money options contain less extrinsic value. The extrinsic value can work against you when purchasing an option because extrinsic value is affected by time decay.
As you wait for your stock movement, the in-the-money option will decay less than either the at-the-money or out-of-the-money options because it has less extrinsic value. The amount of money you lose in time decay must then be made back by additional stock movement.
Obviously, the less you lose in decay, the less the stock has to move for you to be profitable because it has less decay loss to make up for.
This is because an in-the-money call has a high delta and a much higher percentage chance of finishing in-the-money by expiration so they follow the stock more closely.
With less extrinsic value loss to make up for, a smaller movement in the stock will produce a greater profit. For a call example, as you can see in the chart below, the in-the-money produces a profit with the least amount of stock movement. With less extrinsic value, the ITM option has a lower break-even point.
By: Brett Fogle
About the Author:
Under the proper conditions, options do not have to be paired with stock or another option to be an effective trading tool. To successfully trade naked options, an investor must realize that certain options will fit certain scenarios and certain options will not.
One of the major misconceptions that investors have about options stems from the fact that most do not know how to trade them properly. When they lose money trading them, they feel that there is something wrong with the option. They do not understand that options are on a higher, more sophisticated level when compared to stocks.
Stock trading has fewer variables involved and is therefore easier. No one is saying that the individual investor isnt smart enough to trade options. The problem is not intelligence; its just education and experience. Most investors have not been properly educated in the proper use of options, and even fewer have had any real experience trading them.
One of the biggest problems investors have is this: Even if you buy a call and the stock goes up, you can still lose money. Most investors tend to buy out of the money options at a cheap price. The stock trades up a little, which is the right direction, but the option still loses money and the investor wonders why.
What the investor fails to realize is that in order for the option to be profitable the options delta must out-pace its rate of decay. Implied volatility also plays a key role if the stock does trade up while implied volatility decreases, the options delta must then outperform the decrease in volatility. Remember, when volatility increases, the price of all options goes up. When volatility decreases, the price of all options goes down.
We have categorized options in several ways. One way is by the options strike price, and its distance from the stock price. We identified these options as either in-the-money, at-the-money, or out-of-the-money.
In our discussion about trading naked calls and puts, we will identify trading opportunities or situations that fit each of these types of options, for both calls and puts. But it is important to first review the definition of Delta before continuing.
Remember, delta tells you how much the option will move with a similar move in the stock and is given as a percentage. For example, a 33 delta option means that the option will move 33% of the movement of the stock and 70 delta option will move 70%. In-the-money options act like stock. The deeper in the money the calls are, the more they act like the stock. As the call moves deeper and deeper in the money, the calls delta approaches 100 which means its price movement will reflect 100% of the stocks movement.
In fact, deep-in-the-money options are sometimes even used to replace stock positions. If you look at the charts below, you can see how closely the in-the-money call mimics the upward movement of the stock (2nd quadrant).
In the money options are best used for smaller stock movements. The reason is that in-the-money options contain less extrinsic value. The extrinsic value can work against you when purchasing an option because extrinsic value is affected by time decay.
As you wait for your stock movement, the in-the-money option will decay less than either the at-the-money or out-of-the-money options because it has less extrinsic value. The amount of money you lose in time decay must then be made back by additional stock movement.
Obviously, the less you lose in decay, the less the stock has to move for you to be profitable because it has less decay loss to make up for.
This is because an in-the-money call has a high delta and a much higher percentage chance of finishing in-the-money by expiration so they follow the stock more closely.
With less extrinsic value loss to make up for, a smaller movement in the stock will produce a greater profit. For a call example, as you can see in the chart below, the in-the-money produces a profit with the least amount of stock movement. With less extrinsic value, the ITM option has a lower break-even point.
By: Brett Fogle
About the Author:
Brett Fogle is the founder of Options University, a training resource partner for traders. For a comprehensive, free report on the 7 deadliest sins made when options trading, visit http://www.OptionsUniversity.com .
Filed under Finance by Administrator
October 14, 2008
The 10 Keys to Successful Stock Options Trading Key #6
Welcome again to the 10 keys of how to trade stock options successfully. Previously we have discussed the technicalities of options trading. This week I will start looking at the more esoteric aspects of trading beginning with how to formulate a trading plan.
It is imperative you trade with a plan. No trader has ever successfully prospered without a trading plan or with a plan that they didnt stick to. A sound trading plan includes, but is not limited to, the following items:
1. Money management rules, i.e. acceptable profits and losses per trade, how much capital you will commit to any one trade and to the market at any one time.
It is important you identify what your stop loss margin is (as discussed last week) and even more important you stick to it. Writing this sort of information into your trading plan will help cement it in your mind. More on money management will be covered in week eight.
2. Stock and option identification rules, i.e. how you will decide which stocks to trade options on and which options you will trade.
You should figure out if you like technical analysis, fundamental anlysis or a combination of both. How big will your watch list be? What price range of stocks will you trade? Do you like trading in the money or out of the money options? What Greeks will you consider?
3. Entry and exit rules, i.e. What will make you enter and exit a trade, what length of time will you stay in the trade and how often will you trade.
Entry and exit rules will depend largely on technical analysis, write down the patterns and indicators you will look for. Deciding how often to trade will be a big factor in your success. Most people over trade, if you have a fixed profit target then once you have met it you should stop trading. Attempting to go for that little bit extra can lead to a big loss, all the more difficult to take if you had already met your profit target!
4. Your own strategy rules, i.e. which trading strategies you will use primarily and which strategies suit your risk profile.
Know thyself as the ancient Greek saying goes is critical when formulating a stock options trading plan. You will tend to trade options and you do anything else in life, for example, if you are cautious by nature you will trade cautiously, if you are impatient in everyday life you will trade impatiently. Therefore consider your unique traits and formulate your plan around them.
Once you have practiced trading options you will discover your own style of trading, and from that you will develop a plan that suits you. Once you have your plan, and you know it works, stick to it through thick and thin. That doesnt mean that a plan cant be changed but you must ensure that you give your plan a chance to work and that you dont change it the first time you take a loss.
Once you formulate and implement a good trading plan you will be well on your to trading stock options successfully. Next week we will discuss trading with the overall market and index options.
US Government required disclaimer: Options involve risk and are not suitable for all investors. Prior to buying or selling an option, a person must receive a copy of the Characteristics and Risks of Standardized Options. Copies of this document may be obtained from your broker, from any exchange on which options are traded or by contacting The Options Clearing Corporation, One North Wacker Dr., Suite 500 Chicago, IL 60606 (1-800-678-4667).
By: Roger Cox
About the Author:
It is imperative you trade with a plan. No trader has ever successfully prospered without a trading plan or with a plan that they didnt stick to. A sound trading plan includes, but is not limited to, the following items:
1. Money management rules, i.e. acceptable profits and losses per trade, how much capital you will commit to any one trade and to the market at any one time.
It is important you identify what your stop loss margin is (as discussed last week) and even more important you stick to it. Writing this sort of information into your trading plan will help cement it in your mind. More on money management will be covered in week eight.
2. Stock and option identification rules, i.e. how you will decide which stocks to trade options on and which options you will trade.
You should figure out if you like technical analysis, fundamental anlysis or a combination of both. How big will your watch list be? What price range of stocks will you trade? Do you like trading in the money or out of the money options? What Greeks will you consider?
3. Entry and exit rules, i.e. What will make you enter and exit a trade, what length of time will you stay in the trade and how often will you trade.
Entry and exit rules will depend largely on technical analysis, write down the patterns and indicators you will look for. Deciding how often to trade will be a big factor in your success. Most people over trade, if you have a fixed profit target then once you have met it you should stop trading. Attempting to go for that little bit extra can lead to a big loss, all the more difficult to take if you had already met your profit target!
4. Your own strategy rules, i.e. which trading strategies you will use primarily and which strategies suit your risk profile.
Know thyself as the ancient Greek saying goes is critical when formulating a stock options trading plan. You will tend to trade options and you do anything else in life, for example, if you are cautious by nature you will trade cautiously, if you are impatient in everyday life you will trade impatiently. Therefore consider your unique traits and formulate your plan around them.
Once you have practiced trading options you will discover your own style of trading, and from that you will develop a plan that suits you. Once you have your plan, and you know it works, stick to it through thick and thin. That doesnt mean that a plan cant be changed but you must ensure that you give your plan a chance to work and that you dont change it the first time you take a loss.
Once you formulate and implement a good trading plan you will be well on your to trading stock options successfully. Next week we will discuss trading with the overall market and index options.
US Government required disclaimer: Options involve risk and are not suitable for all investors. Prior to buying or selling an option, a person must receive a copy of the Characteristics and Risks of Standardized Options. Copies of this document may be obtained from your broker, from any exchange on which options are traded or by contacting The Options Clearing Corporation, One North Wacker Dr., Suite 500 Chicago, IL 60606 (1-800-678-4667).
By: Roger Cox
About the Author:
Roger Cox is a native of New Zealand and now resides in Los Angeles. Former President of an international freight company he decided corporate life wasn’t for him and starting his own consulting business. Roger has been successful in trading stock options, having practiced and traded for more than 4 years and teaches others about trading at http://www.prosperitywithoptions.com
Filed under Finance by Administrator
October 13, 2008
Stock Options Trading: the ‘lean’
Professional traders use the term “lean” to refer to one’s perception about the directional strength of the stock. When you own a stock and intend to hold it for a period of time, you are aware that you will probably be holding it while it goes up and while it goes down.
This means that at any given moment in time, you might have a different opinion of the potential movement of that stock. Knowing this, there is a way to address your present level of confidence or “lean.” You do this by your choice of which option you sell.
While it is true that the at-the-money option has the most amount of extrinsic value, it might not always be the ideal option to sell in every situation.
For instance, if you feel that the stock itself has a very high chance of producing capital appreciation above the potential amount of premium you could receive from selling an at-the-money call, then sell an out-of-the-money-call so you can allow yourself a little more room to the upside on the stock.
For example, let’s say the stock is trading at $27.00. Normally, you would sell the 27.5 calls at say $1.00. If the stock were to rise quickly and eclipse the $28.50 mark, then with the buy-write strategy, your position would have maxed out at $28.50, and you would have a $1.50 one month gain. Not bad, but if the stock went to $29.50 then you would have missed out on another $1.00 profit. However, if we had sold the 30 calls for $.30 then we would have another outcome. You bought the stock at $27.00 and sold the 30 calls for $.30 and the stock goes to $29.50.
You would have made $2.50 in capital appreciation and $.30 in option premium for a total of a $2.80 return.
So, if you feel the stock has a real good shot at taking a run up, you can lean your position long by selling an out-of-the-money call.
If you have a more neutral view on your stock you would sell an at-the-money-call in order to receive a bigger premium which allows for greater downside protection if the stock trades down and higher potential profit if the stock becomes stagnant.
This strategy also works on the downside. If, by chance, you feel that the stock may trade down a bit during the life of the option, then you can sell an in-the-money-call. The effect of this would be to provide you with a little extra premium to cover more downside risk.
Remember when you sell an option you seek to capture extrinsic value. An in-the-money option not only has extrinsic value but also some intrinsic value.
When you feel that you want to lean your covered call strategy (buy-write) a little short, choose to sell an in-the-money call so you can also have some intrinsic value to cover your downside.
As an example, say your stock is trading at $29.00 and you feel that your stock may trade down a little but still remain in an uptrend cycle. You don’t want to get rid of the stock but you also don’t want to lose any money so you sell the 27.5 call at $2.00.
The stock starts to trade down and finishes at $26.00. If you had owned the stock naked, then you would have lost three dollars since you owned the stock at $29.00 and it closed at $26.00 on expiration.
However, because you sold the 27.5 calls at $2.00, you would only realize a $1.00 loss in the stock. The premium received will offset the loss due to the fact that you identified and adjusted for a likely move.
As you can see, the buy-write strategy can be altered to fit any directional view you have on your selected stock.
Finally, if you intend to use the buy-write strategy successfully, you generally need to sell the calls against your stock on a consistent, recurring interval, over a period of time.
This means that you will have to be prepared to “roll” your calls out to the next month come expiration. Sometimes, all you’ll need to do is to sell the next month out call.
By: Brett Fogle
About the Author:
This means that at any given moment in time, you might have a different opinion of the potential movement of that stock. Knowing this, there is a way to address your present level of confidence or “lean.” You do this by your choice of which option you sell.
While it is true that the at-the-money option has the most amount of extrinsic value, it might not always be the ideal option to sell in every situation.
For instance, if you feel that the stock itself has a very high chance of producing capital appreciation above the potential amount of premium you could receive from selling an at-the-money call, then sell an out-of-the-money-call so you can allow yourself a little more room to the upside on the stock.
For example, let’s say the stock is trading at $27.00. Normally, you would sell the 27.5 calls at say $1.00. If the stock were to rise quickly and eclipse the $28.50 mark, then with the buy-write strategy, your position would have maxed out at $28.50, and you would have a $1.50 one month gain. Not bad, but if the stock went to $29.50 then you would have missed out on another $1.00 profit. However, if we had sold the 30 calls for $.30 then we would have another outcome. You bought the stock at $27.00 and sold the 30 calls for $.30 and the stock goes to $29.50.
You would have made $2.50 in capital appreciation and $.30 in option premium for a total of a $2.80 return.
So, if you feel the stock has a real good shot at taking a run up, you can lean your position long by selling an out-of-the-money call.
If you have a more neutral view on your stock you would sell an at-the-money-call in order to receive a bigger premium which allows for greater downside protection if the stock trades down and higher potential profit if the stock becomes stagnant.
This strategy also works on the downside. If, by chance, you feel that the stock may trade down a bit during the life of the option, then you can sell an in-the-money-call. The effect of this would be to provide you with a little extra premium to cover more downside risk.
Remember when you sell an option you seek to capture extrinsic value. An in-the-money option not only has extrinsic value but also some intrinsic value.
When you feel that you want to lean your covered call strategy (buy-write) a little short, choose to sell an in-the-money call so you can also have some intrinsic value to cover your downside.
As an example, say your stock is trading at $29.00 and you feel that your stock may trade down a little but still remain in an uptrend cycle. You don’t want to get rid of the stock but you also don’t want to lose any money so you sell the 27.5 call at $2.00.
The stock starts to trade down and finishes at $26.00. If you had owned the stock naked, then you would have lost three dollars since you owned the stock at $29.00 and it closed at $26.00 on expiration.
However, because you sold the 27.5 calls at $2.00, you would only realize a $1.00 loss in the stock. The premium received will offset the loss due to the fact that you identified and adjusted for a likely move.
As you can see, the buy-write strategy can be altered to fit any directional view you have on your selected stock.
Finally, if you intend to use the buy-write strategy successfully, you generally need to sell the calls against your stock on a consistent, recurring interval, over a period of time.
This means that you will have to be prepared to “roll” your calls out to the next month come expiration. Sometimes, all you’ll need to do is to sell the next month out call.
By: Brett Fogle
About the Author:
Options University is the leading source for options education for safer investing and better profits. Brett Fogle, along with Ron Ianieri who was a floor trader for 15 years on the Philadelphia Stock Exchange. Leveraging his experience, the educational company is uniquely qualified to teach investors how to make consistent profits while limiting risk. For more information on Options University training, visit http://www.OptionsUniversity.com .
Filed under Finance by Administrator